New Siberian Islands

Source: https://wiki2.org/en/New_Siberian_Islands

The New Siber­ian Islands (Russ­ian: Но­во­си­би́рские Oстрова, tr. Novosibirskiye Ostrova; Yakut: Саҥа Сибиир Aрыылара, romanized: ''Saña Sibiir Arıılara') are an archipelago in the Extreme North of Russia, to the North of the East Siberian coast between the Laptev Sea and the East Siberian Sea north of the Sakha (Yakutia) Republic.

History

The first news about the existence of the New Siberian Islands was brought by a Cossack, Yakov Permyakov, in the be­ginning of the 18th century. In 1712, a Cossack unit led by M. Vagin reached the Great Lyakhovsky Island.

In 1809–10 Yakov Sannikov and Matvei Gedenschtrom went to the New Siberian Islands on a cartographic expedition. Sannikov reported the sighting of a "new land" north of Kotelny in 1811. This be­came the myth of Zemlya Sannikova or Sannikov Land.¹ In 1886 Polar explorer and scientist Eduard Toll, during his first visit to the New Siberian Islands, thought that he had seen an unknown land north of Kotelny Island. He guessed that this was the so-called Zemlya Sannikova.

Toll paid a further visit to the island group in the spring of 1892, accompanied by one Cossack and three natives. He traveled over the ice in sleds drawn by dogs and reached the south coast of Great Lyakhovsky Island. Along the southern coast of this is­land he found well-preserved bones, ivory, peat, wood, and even a tree within 40-meter (130-foot) high sea cliffs that expose Late Pleis­tocene sediments. These sediments are cemented by permafrost and have accumulated periodically over the last 200,000 years.² | ³ | ⁴

In September 2014, the Russian Navy reestablished a Soviet era naval base on Kotelny Island which had lain abandoned since 1993.⁵ | ⁶

Geography

The New Siberian Islands proper, or Anzhu Islands (острова Анжу, Sakha: Анжу арыылара), cov­er­ing a land area of about 29,000 km2, con­sist of:

• Kotelny Island (о. Коте́льный) 11,700 km2 and
  • Faddeyevsky Island (о. Фадде́евский) 5,300 km2. Bunge Land (земля́ Бу́нге) 6,200 km2 (occasionally submerged by sea) links Kotelny Island and Faddeyevsky Island. Very close to Bunge Land's northwestern coast lie two smaller islands:
    • Zheleznyakov Island (Ostrov Zheleznyakova), right off the NW cape and east of it, Matar Island (Ostrov Matar). Both islands have a length of about 5 km.
• Nanosnyy Island is a small island located due north off the northern bay formed by Kotelny and Bunge. It is C-shaped and only 4 km in length, but its importance lies in the fact that it is the northernmost island of the New Siberian group.
• Novaya Sibir (о. Но́вая Сиби́рь) 6,200 km2
• Belkovsky Island (о. Бельковский) 500 km2

To the south and nearer to the Siberian mainland lie the Lyakhovskiye Islands (6,095 km2):

• Great Lyakhovsky Island (о. Большо́й Ля́ховский) 4,600 km2
• Little Lyakhovsky Island (о. Ма́лый Ля́ховский) 1,325 km2
• Stolbovoy Island (о. Столбово́й) 170 km2
• Semyonovsky Island (о. Семёновский) 0 km2 (now submerged)

The small De Long Islands (228 km2) lie to the north-east of Novaya Sibir.

• Jeannette Island (о. Жанне́тты)
• Henrietta Island (о. Генрие́тты)
• Bennett Island (о. Бе́ннетта)
• Vilkitsky Island (о. Вильки́цкого)
• Zhokhov Island (о. Жо́хова)

The New Siberian Islands are low-lying. Their highest point is located on Bennett is­land, with an elevation of 426 m. They are part of the East Siberian Lowland, forming a geographical continuum with the continental plains fur­ther south.⁷

The New Siberian Islands once formed major hills within the Great Arctic Plain that covered the northern part of Late Pleistocene "Beringia" between Siberia and Alaska during the Last Glacial Maximum (Late Weichselian Epoch). These is­lands represent the remains of about 1.6 million square kilometers of the formerly subaerial Great Arctic Plain that now lies sub­merged below parts of the Arctic Ocean, East Siberian Sea, and Laptev Sea. At this plain's greatest extent, sea level was 100–120 m below modern sea-level and the coast­line lay 700 to 1000 kilo­meters north of its current position. This plain did not undergo extensive glaciation during the Late Pleistocene or the Last Glacial Maximum be­cause it lay in the rain shadow of the Northern European ice sheet. During the frigid polar climate of the Last Glacial Maximum, 17,000 to 24,000 BC, small passive ice caps formed on the adjacent De Long Islands. Fragments of these ice caps remain on Jeannette, Henrietta, and Bennett Islands. Traces of former small slope and cirque glaciers in the form of buried ground ice deposits are pre­served on Zhokhov Island. The sea submerged the Great Arctic Plain (except for the New Siberian and other isolated islands) within a relatively short time span of 7,000 years dur­ing the Early–Middle Holocene.⁸ | ⁹ | ¹⁰

Geology

As noted by Digby¹¹ and numerous later publications, this archipelago consists of a mixture of folded and faulted sedimentary and igneous rocks ranging in age from Precambrian to Pliocene. The Lyakhovsky Islands consist of a folded and faulted as­semblage of Precambrian metamorphic rocks; upper Paleozoic to Triassic sandstones and shales; Jurassic to lower Cretaceous turbidites; Cretaceous granites; and ophiolites. The Anzhu Islands consist of a highly faulted and folded as­semblage of Ordovician to Devonian lime­stones, dolomites, sand­stones, shales, volcano clastic strata, and igneous rocks; upper Paleozoic to Triassic sandstones and shales; Jurassic to lower Cretaceous turbidites; and upper Cretaceous to Pliocene sandstones and shales. The De Long Islands consist of early Paleozoic, middle Paleozoic, Cretaceous, and Neogene sedimentary and igneous (mostly basalt) rocks. These sedimentary, metamorphic, and igneous rocks are mantled by loose Pleistocene and Holocene sediments that range in thickness from a fraction of a meter to about 35 me­ters (115 feet).¹² | ¹³

Digby also noted that some early papers published about the New Siberian Islands in­correctly describe them, often along with other Arctic islands (e.g. Wrangel Island), as being made either up almost entirely of mammoth bones and tusks or of ice, sand, and the bones of mammoths and other extinct megafauna. Some of these papers were written by persons (e.g. D. Gath Whitley)¹⁴ who had never visited the New Siber­ian Islands and relied upon anecdotes of traders and travelers and local folk­lore for their descriptions of them, and other articles were written by explorers and ivory hunters untrained in either geology or other sciences. Such statements have been shown to be fictional in nature by detailed studies of the geology of the New Siberian Islands by professional geologists, paleontologists, and other scientists.¹⁵ | ¹⁶

Ivory deposits

As noted by Baron Eduard V. Toll in his account of the New Siberian Islands,¹⁷ sizeable and economically significant accumulations of fossil ivory occur within them. The ivory, along with mammoth and other bones, are found in recent beaches, drainage areas, river terraces and river beds. The New Siberian Islands are unique in the burial and preservation of fossil ivory "in such a wonderful state of preservation that the tusks so found can­not be distinguished from the very best and purest ivory".

The abundant bones, even skeletons, of mammoth, rhinoceros, musk-ox, and other megafauna along with the mammoth ivory found in these islands are preserved by permafrost, in which they are encased.¹⁸ The permafrost periodically developed in Late Pleistocene loess, solifluction, pond, and stream sediments as they accumulated. The ra­dio­carbon dating of bones, ivory, and plants, optically stimulated luminescence dating of enclosing sediments, and uranium-thorium dating of associated peats demonstrate that they accumulated over a period of some 200,000 years. Radiocarbon dates obtained from the collagen of 87 mammoth tusks and bones collected from Faddeevsky, Kotelniy, and New Siberia is­lands ranged from 9470±40 BP to greater than 50,000 BP (14C).

Climate

The climate is arctic and severe. Snow cover is present for 9 months of the year.

• Average temperature in January: −28 °C to −31 °C
• Temperature in July: At the coasts icy Arctic water keeps the temperatures relatively low. Average maximum temperatures from +8 °C to +11 °C and average minimum temperatures from -3 °C to +1 °C. In the interior of the islands the average maximum temperatures in July are +16 °C to +19 °C and average minimum temperatures +3 °C to +6 °C.
• Precipitation: up to 132 mm a year

Permafrost and underground ice are very common. The surface of the islands is covered with Arctic tundra vegetation and numerous lakes.

The ocean surrounding the islands is covered with ice most of the year. During warm years, the ocean briefly opens for navigation July through October. During cold years, is­lands may remain ice-locked through the summer.

Polar night conditions are present November through February, and, conversely, the Sun remains above the horizon continuously during summer months.

Photographs

Footnotes

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Tags: Siberia

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